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Last Updated: 7/19/10
Note: I include the Latin names if I know what they are. If you know any of the Latin names for the species that I do not, or if you have any additional snail information, please e-mail me. Information on pond snails is sorely lacking on the internet and in books. The various scientific names match up to different common names and vice versa in almost every source I find! The pond snails are bad enough; the land snail information is basically non-existent! Sorry, I do not have any extraordinary information on land snails. I am not a snail expert. This is merely information that I have compiled from experience, the internet, pond magazines, and e-mail correspondence.
For snail care and control, see my main snail page.
Yes, I need to separate this page by species. One day, maybe!
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: No
Plant eating capacity: Moderate to High
Algae eating capacity: Low to Moderate
Breathing: Gilled and pulmonate
Breeding: Sexual, egg-laying
Apple snails are huge, tropical, debris and plant-eating machines. They are a type of mystery snail (see below). Apple snails belong to the family Ampullariidae and include the genera Pomacea (most common), Asolene, Marisa, Pomella, Afropomus, Lanistes, Pila, and Saulea. The first four are from the Americas and the other four are from Africa and Asia.
Most often sold in pet shops is Pomacea bridgesii or the spiketopped apple snail or the black mystery snail.
My Snail:
I had a golden or albino mystery snail which is really Pomacea canaliculata (see under mystery snails for more info on my snail). They grow as large as soft balls. Mine ate mostly plants, algae tablets, and cucumbers. Yes, my innocent little snail that the store said only eats algae ate almost all the vegetation from the tank within a month including java moss, valisneria, brush algae (which I wanted him to eat), anubias, and crypts. There was not much left (3/6/02) so then he lived off the pleco's cucumber and algae wafers. Did I regret getting him? Not really. He sure took care of the algae on the plants since he ate it and the plants! The plants were in bad shape anyway. I have since brought in some nice plastic plants he cannot eat!
This same keeper with the P. bridgesii also has P. flagellata and P. glauca (may be four horned snails, see below) which he says do eat and plants, salad greens, peppers, and herbs available but not algae. P. paludosa and P. canaliculata are also supposed to like vegetables. A few other species of apple snails are P. australis, P. haustrum, and P. caniculator. To figure out which species you have, visit applesnail.net's page on species.
The species Pomacea maculata grows to six inches in diameter (like a tennis ball) so it is easy to believe that apple snails are the largest freshwater snails in the world. Due to their plant eating and need to be above 70 degrees F at all times, they are not suitable for ponds or planted tanks. They are fine for large, plant-free aquariums where they can be fed lettuce.
A few sources say that apple snails do not eat live plants, preferring algae and dead plants and animals. But, if those foods are not available, the apple snails would have to eat the live plants. An apple snail may be placated by lettuce and spinach in a planted tank. Apple snails have both gills and lungs (with a breathing tube to stick out of the water to get air) and a hinge to close themselves completely into their shells. Despite their large size, large and even medium-sized fish may pick at the apple snails' exposed body parts and kill them. Some suggest that apple snails be kept in a species-only tank or with small fish. For anything you ever wanted to know about apple snails, visit this apple snail site.
Another keeper of apple snails says they are most active from 72 to 78 degrees F but to reduce their consumption and waste, temperatures from 65 to 70 degrees F can be used. He fed his apple snails (baseball sized species) canned spinach and crushed Hikari gold cichlid pellets.
Breeding:
Apple snails lay eggs above the water line. They can leave the water for a few hours as long as they are kept moist. The eggs are usually pretty colors like yellow or pink. In aquariums, they are laid on the side or lid glass. In ponds, they are laid on vertical plant stems. The following information is what one aquarist found but I cannot say how valid it may be. After about two to four weeks, they hatch. Eggs that do not hatch are usually not fertilized. Newborns may drown and need to stay out of the water (no mention of how long).
Photos from apple snail owners of their snails (The first two are from one aquarist and the second two from another.) (The first 4 are photos on my server given to me while the last one is just a neat photo I found on another web site.):
Photo of an apple snail, Pomacea bridgesii, provided by a
visitor to this site.
Another photo of the same apple snail.
Pomacea bridgesii eating cabbage.
Four photos of an apple snail.
P. bridgesii next to her
eggs.
Sharon sent photos of apple snail eggs in her pond on 7/7/05: snail eggs and close-up of snail eggs. She then sent a few photos of the yellow apple snails actually laying the eggs on 7/13/05: two apple snails and three egg cases and two apple snails and three egg cases again from another angle. Water hyacinth is on the pond's surface.
Elizabeth had a blue mystery snail (it is an apple snail) that was acting unusually. She sent
photos on 4/29/07. I was not sure what was happening but felt the snail was dying. She said the
tank had high nitrites. Here are some photos of the sick apple snail.
Sick blue mystery snail
Sick blue mystery snail
Sick blue mystery snail
Sarah sent this photo of her snail on 2/25/07.
Albino mystery (apple) snail
On 10/21/07, Birgitte sent this photo of one of the biggest snails I have ever seen! She got the
snail because it was eating someone else's goldfish! In the photo, the snail was about 4 years
old and 5 inches in diameter.
Huge apple snail
Rosie sent these three photos of golden "mystery" snail eggs on 1/14/08.
Apple snail eggs - Day 1
Apple snail eggs - Day 2
Apple snail eggs - Day 3
Vanessa sent this photo of her apple snail covered in pink dots on 7/30/08. My response was
"That is really strange! I've not seen anything like that before! They look like pink candy dots.
My best guess is that the pink things might be apple snail eggs. Apple snails normally lay pink
or yellow eggs in clusters above the water line. If, for some reason, they can't get up there,
something goes wrong, or another snail is up there with them, a female might lay eggs on another
snail. The things on the snail aren't laid as I normally see apple snail eggs though in large
bunches. They seem to be very small bunches or even singly. If that's not what they are, I don't
have a clue! As for what species of snail that it is, I can't see much of the snail but based on its
size and the possibility of those being apple snail eggs, it may be some sort of apple snail."
Apple snail with pink dots (eggs?)
Three photos of my albino mystery snail (Pomacea canaliculata) can be seen below.
A site with some apple snail questions and answers can be found at this site. For the best site on apple snails, visit the site banner below. That site tells you how to tell if you have an apple snail, how to tell which one you have, how to feed, how they function and breed, and tons more!
Carl sent me this message on 9/2/09 (edited for spelling and grammar by me):
"Did you know? The albino mystery snail was developed on a small betta farm in the SW Miami
area by Carl A. Immeke, a fish breeder in the late 50s & early 60s. At first Carl thought that the
snails were sick because of their pink color and sorted them in to a separate pond. Upon closer
examination, he realized that the snail was actually a albino. The snails had been inbreeding for
over 10 years, and that was the result. I am his son....Just thought you would like to know where
they were developed and by whom. My father raised many beautiful bettas and had developed the
lemon betta"
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: No
Plant eating capacity: Moderate to High
Algae eating capacity: Moderate
Breathing: Gilled
Breeding: Sexual, egg-laying
The four horned snail, or Pomacea cuprina (formally Ampullaris cuprina), is a large, semi-tropical snail. It is also a type of apple snail. It lays 200-300 hard yellow to orange eggs above water throughout summer and fall. They have a ravenous appetite and in my pond, they ate many of my water plants. However, their damage is minimal, and they seem to prefer eating detached pieces of vegetation. They can grow to a few inches in diameter. The ones that I had did not survive our mild winter in early 1998. An apple snail expert contacted me and said that the four horned snail is probably the apple snail Pomacea glauca or another apple snail. I got the above Latin name from Paradise Water Gardens so they may have been wrong or outdated. For more information, see apple snails above.
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: No
Plant eating capacity: Moderate to High
Algae eating capacity: Moderate
Breathing: Gilled
Breeding: Sexual, egg-laying
Golden Inca snails are very similar to the above four horned snails but have more gold. They are just a golden variety of the four horned snails. Since their Latin name is Pomacea cuprina aurea (formally Ampullaris cuprina aurea), they may interbreed with four horned snails. They look like larger four horned snails. My Golden Inca snails did not survive the mild winter of 1998. I recovered one of their empty shells from the pond in March of 1999. It measured 2 5/8" long by 2" high. I took a photo but it was not good enough to scan in here. For more information, see apple snails above.
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: Yes
Plant eating capacity: Low
Algae eating capacity: Moderate
Breathing: False gilled and pulmonate
Breeding: Hermaphrodites and sexual, egg-laying
I would find these clam-like things (with just the top half of the shell) of about 1/8 to 1/6 of an inch long stuck like glue to my 153 gallon pond filter. I was never sure what they were until someone else asked about them and were told they were limpets. With some searching, I found this site which includes photos like this one and verified I have limpets. One North American freshwater limpet is Ferrissia rivularis but there are many. Limpets are abundant locally but may not be present in most areas. Mine must have come with plants or on the legs of birds as eggs or adults. They only grow to about 1/3 of an inch at most with many being much smaller. Limpets belong to the Family Ancylidae. They are pulmonates but also have a pseudobranch or false gill. My limpets hang out under the filter and around the intake so they seem to like fast moving water. I never see them move. They do not even appear to be alive. Limpets eat algae and microorganisms. However I got the limpets, no one sells them so you either have them or not!
Here are two links that are photos of freshwater limpets:
Limpets
Limpets
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: No
Plant eating capacity: Low to High (varies with species)
Algae eating capacity: Moderate to High
Breathing: Gilled
Breeding: Sexual, egg-laying; some people say that some are live-bearing
In most cases, mystery snails are apple snails so see that section as well.
Mystery snails are medium-sized tropical snails. Some mystery snails are Ampullaria sp. such as the four horned and Golden Inca snails above which are heavy algae and plant eaters. Another keeper of apple and mystery snails says that all mystery snails are the apple snail, Pomacea bridgesii (usually written incorrectly as Pomacea bridgesi). Yet another source says they are all Pomacea cuprina! The guy who runs applesnail.net says most mystery snails are Pomacea bridgesii or from the Viviparidae family. I have seen snails sold as mystery snails that are all different colors and obviously multiple species. There is no agreement between stores, keepers, and "experts" as to what is what. Some mystery snails eat algae and detritus and do not overly harm plants. Since they must be kept above 70 degrees F at all times, they cannot be kept in ponds except in tropical regions. They make a good heated aquarium snail. Males may have a convex (sticks out) operculum or trap door, and females may have a concave (goes in) operculum. Mystery snails may "play dead" for days or even weeks by floating on the surface or laying still on the bottom (see here for more information). The reason for this dormancy is unknown. Most commonly sold mystery snails are also apple snails. Apple and mystery snails are often interchanged. This is confusing to many people including myself. For apple snail information and links, see above. If anyone has a list of proper common and scientific names for any of the dozens of species of mystery snails, please e-mail me. The mystery snail truly is a mystery because it can refer to dozens of possible species with totally different attributes. No "experts" seem to agree on what is what!
My "Mystery" Snail:
Here is another photo on 7/12/03 when he had his feelers out.
Here is my apple snail and plecostomus on 6/19/05.
On 2/1/02, I bought my first "mystery snail" labeled as an albino mystery snail. The snail went into my 20 gallon tank to eat algae off the glass. My pleco is too large to get much algae off the glass anymore. A photo of the snail is above. By checking out applesnail.net I thought I determined that my "albino mystery snail" was Pomacea bridgesii or the spike-topped apple snail. You can see their page on this species here including lots of photos and info! My new snail decided to eat all the plants in my tank (see under apple snails and then my snail above for more details). Later, the webmaster of applesnail.net informed me that my snail is not P. bridgesii but in fact P. canaliculata which explains why he does not behave like P. bridgesii is reported to behave.
Another page on the black mystery snail (they say it is P. bridgesii) can be found at this site (you have to search for it; the URL is too long!). The guy who runs applesnail.net says their albino snail is a P. bridgesiii and their "Ampullaria cuprina" is P. canaliculata. What a mess!
On 10/27/05, my Snaily died. I had him for 3 years and almost 9 months. The month before his death, he stopped moving and stayed in one place, sometimes sticking his feelers out. I picked him up daily to either see him moving or his trapdoor firmly shut. As the days past, his trapdoor receded further and further back into the shell when at first, he could not even shut himself in at all for all his flesh. He lost weight and died. Why he starved himself I do not know. His shell incurred some degradation from the softer water but no actual holes ever resulted. I buried Snaily. Before doing so, I took these photos for informational purposes. If you are squeamish, do not view them.
Dead apple snail - view down into the
dead flesh, 10/27/05.
Dead apple snail - top view, I am afraid
when I turned him over, his guts fell out (do not view if this grosses you out please),
10/27/05.
Dead apple snail - side view, you can
see the curl in the shell (no guts in this one), 10/27/05.
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: Yes
Plant eating capacity: Low to High (varies based on population and population controls)
Algae eating capacity: Moderate to High
Breathing: Pulmonate
Breeding: Hermaphrodites and sexual, egg-laying
There are three different reactions to these snails. One, they are horrible and will destroy all plants and pollute the water and must die at any cost. Two, they are natural and part of the system and let us leave them alone. Three, they are great assets because they eat some algae. Well, they do eat plants but fish and other animals eat the snails in return too. Thus, I think that you should treat plants to kill snails before adding them BUT, when they show up anyway (they will!!), just let them be and do their part. Pond snails are hermaphroditic egg-layers that breed very fast. They are all over my waterfall and bio-filter and most likely everywhere in the pond but do not seem to be a problem in my ponds. I do not find plants with holes in them so I assume the fish and other animals keep their numbers low in the pond itself. Most fish will eat pond snails if you crush the shell for them. Some species of loaches and other fish may eat shelled pond snails. Pond snails tend to stay under 2 cm in length. These are the most appetizing snails to fish. Some common and scientific names of various pond snails are the Melantho snail (Lymnae sp.?), pond snail (Lymnea stagnalis, a large snail), woodland pond snail (Stagnicola catascopium), marsh pond snail (Stagnicola elodes), flat-whorled pond snail (Stagnicola exilis), and coldwater pond snail (Stagnicola woodruffi). Please correct me or give me any information if you know anything more.
Two Melantho snails that I got on 5/23/07. Sorry it is not in focus.
Sarah sent these photos of her a pond snail and its eggs in her aquarium on 2/25/07.
Pond snail
Pond snail eggs - real close up!
Karen sent these two photos on 9/1/07 of her stream with pond snails and insect larvae in the
water flow.
Pond snails
Pond snails
Joaquin took this amazing photo under the microscope of pond snail embryos six days after the
eggs were laid. They were moving around in the eggs. You can see their eyes.
Pond snail embryos
Pond snail embryos - a close-up of
some of them from the top of the previous photo
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: Yes or No (depends on actual species)
Plant eating capacity: Low to Moderate (some larger species love plants)
Algae eating capacity: Moderate to High
Breathing: Pulmonate
Breeding: Hermaphrodites and sexual, egg-laying
These horn-shaped snails clean algae off surfaces and grow to about an inch. They are good to have around. They are hermaphroditic egg-layers. One species is Planoribis rubrum. The black ramshorn snail is Helisoma sp.. A few other species names I have seen are Planorbis corneus, Marisa rotula, and Segmentina victoriae. Some species will do fine in a pond but others require warmer waters. Generally, the larger, ornate species are to be avoided in ponds since they need more warmth. The little ramshorn snails do well in any setting. There are many species of ramshorn snails. My tanks and ponds have a small species that stays under 1/4 inch. Here is a photo of them in my 20 gallon tank on 4/22/01. They must have come in with some of my aquarium plants. Pond suppliers sell a one inch species that can survive winters. Our local aquarium store sells an ornate tropical two inch species. One such two inch ramshorn is the Columbian ramshorn which has stripes, breeds well, and loves to eat plants. The little species of ramshorn do little harm to plants.
One of the most common, larger, tropical ramshorn snails is the Columbian ramshorn snail. Here is a page about Columbian ramshorn snails.
The red ramshorn is supposed to be a great algae eater. Robert sent me some photos of his red
ramshorns on 8/23/05:
Red ramshorn
Red ramshorn with a baby betta
On 9/28/05, he sent this photo of the red
ramshorn with some babies.
On 3/13/06, John sent these three photos of his ramshorn snails.
Ramshorn with a baby pond snail it
looks like below that.
Ramshorn.
Ramshorn.
Else sent photos of this snail for identification on 4/15/07. I did not know what they were but she
was able to get an identification from a mollusk expert at a University who said it was
Planorbella scalaris or the mesa ramshorn.
Mesa ramshorn snail
Mesa ramshorn snail
Mesa ramshorn snail
Mesa ramshorn snail
On 4/1/08, I cleaned out my 153 gallon pond and took photos
of some snail eggs on my Lerio pots. They are probably ramshorn snail eggs (although there
were some pond snails and Melantho snails in the pond too. The eggs for all three species look
basically the same.)
Snail eggs on a one gallon Lerio pot.
Close up of snail eggs from the previous
photo.
Snail eggs on a two gallon pot.
Mandy sent this photo of a little ramshorn snail on 6/15/09. It may be a highly-sought-after red
ramshorn snail:
Red ramshorn snail
From the 3/31/10 cleaning of the 153 gallon pond:
Snail eggs on a two gallon Lerio
pot; they are black ramshorn snails.
Snail eggs
Snail eggs
Black ramshorn snails in my hand;
a few of them before I put them back in to the pond.
Ramshorn snail that was in my filter (always tons in there) on 7/3/10. It looks like a baby but it is actually nearly full size! These are the little species of ramshorns to which I refer.
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: Yes
Plant eating capacity: Low
Algae eating capacity: Moderate to High
Breathing: Gilled
Breeding: Sexual, live-bearing
An empty trapdoor snail shell removed from my 1800 gallon pond on 2/13/05.
The black Japanese trapdoor snail's Latin name is Viviparis malleatus; viviparis means they give live birth. This is the only snail's scientific name about which I am 100% sure! Trapdoors are large (1-2 inch, normally about 1.25") snails shaped like a swirly ball. They eat algae and plants. Trapdoors are non-hermaphroditic, live-bearers and thus breed more slowly than other snails. Many consider them the ideal snail for ponds since they reproduce slowly, do little harm to plants, and can survive water temperatures down to right above freezing. While trapdoor snails do not require dirt in the bottom of the pond to overwinter, they enjoy having a few stray leaves or a pot of dirt topped with pea gravel to "drive around in." In my pond, most died for no reason. I have added dozens but rarely see them. Yes, I saw a live one moving around on 9/27/98 (and have seen them often since)! They appear to do better in older ponds with more food. I think raccoons may be eating some of mine. Sometimes I see many in a week and other times, I do not see any for months. Of course, I am not looking that hard! I find them most often when netting the bottom of my larger pond to remove pea gravel the koi moved there. A number of times I have almost failed to notice a snail with the gravel and saved it just in time. I usually add a dozen trapdoors yearly. By the next year, most are gone. I think the raccoon hunts them down.
Mary Jo reported the following on 5/8/03: "...Twice I witnessed a trapdoor give birth. Once, two babies were expelled, like pearls in membranes, and momma held the baby with her tentacles & removed the membrane, then released the baby. The second time, three were born. Both occasions were in August. And yes, trapdoors are escargo to raccoons. They will ignore the fast-moving fish & eat every trapdoor they can find...."
Later, Mary Jo said on 5/8/03 that you can sex trapdoor snails by the antennae. She said she read males have short antennae that point to the right while females have longer ones pointing towards the vent. She said, "This makes sense considering that she uses her antennae to intercept the newly emerged baby & hold it while removing the birth membrane." I have not examined trapdoors that close to say whether this works or not.
Daxe sent a photo of a trapdoor snail next to her newly-born babies in an aquarium on 8/2/04. The snail had recently been in a pond, hence all the algae growing on her.
Nora sent me these sequential photos of a trapdoor giving birth on 11/7/05. There are other
snails around. It is the one on the left from whence a baby comes. The photos were sent to me
that small.:
Trapdoors
Trapdoors
Trapdoors
Trapdoors
Trapdoors
Karen sent me this photo of a trapdoor snail on 4/14/07.
Trapdoor
Japanese trapdoor snail that I got on
5/23/07.
Japanese trapdoor snails that I got on
5/23/07.
I got a dozen adult trapdoor snails on 4/7/10. One female had given birth to 13 babies in transit
which is common.
Adult trapdoor snails and babies
8 adult trapdoor snails
Survive in aquariums: Yes
Survive in warm ponds: Yes
Survive in cold ponds: No (most species)
Plant eating capacity: Low to Moderate
Algae eating capacity: Moderate
Breathing: Pulmonate
Breeding: Sexual, live-bearing (some species may be hermaphrodite and sexual, egg-laying)
Trumpet snails are shaped like a cornucopia. Some may be egg-layers who live in the substrate. Malaysian trumpet snails, or Melanoides tuberculata (another source says the Latin name is Melanoides tubercularia), are a sexual, live-bearing snail. The males are noticeably larger than the females. They are often said to be good because they move the substrate around and aerate it. They spend the day in the substrate and come out at night to feed on leftover food and plant debris. Trumpet snails will not usually harm live plants. They can reproduce quickly sometimes. These are good snails for aquariums that need substrate to be turned over. Most stay under an inch in length. One source says they need to be at 64 degrees F or higher.
Good luck finding them though! None of my local aquarium stores sell them nor have I found a mail order company. Most aquarists who use them in planted tanks got them with their plants as they often hitch a ride with plant shipments. My local store only has pond snails and tiny ramshorn snails that hitch rides. Jane was nice enough to alert me to one internet source for Malaysian trumpet snails at Three Guys Aquatics. Chris also told me that you can sometimes get trumpet snails if the store collects them as "pests" for discarding. If you encounter nice people they can give you some free since they just throw them out anyway. My local store will NOT sell you something that they do not have officially for sale with a price because they do not want to lose any money even though they are not even selling the "pests!" If I wanted some, I would have to find a tank infested with them and buy some plants from that tank to get them "accidently."
I received a helpful e-mail from Dar regarding trumpet snails. For those of you interested in
these
guys, I have copied the message here.
"I stumbled upon your article on trumpet snails. I got some 'accidently' with live plants about
two years ago. In about two months they infested the tank. I found clown loaches like to eat
them, but they leave enough adults to sustain egg laying. If you do get a few, lower the light
intensity (3-4 weeks should do) and increase the temperature to 74-78 degrees. They'll breed like
mad. Now I can find a dozen or more buried in the gravel at any time, but rarely more than 2
visibly searching the tank (even at night). It seems to be effective for feeding a clown loach, but
won't make much of a dent in algae if a clown loach is present. I have been trying to seed my
other tank with trumpet snails for several months now, but I won't raise the temperature past 72
due to breeding fish in this tank. The snails don't seem to breed in these conditions and die of old
age. I have found, between sixteen different aquarium set-ups that got these snails at the same
time that I did, that they cannot unbury themselves in small or fine gravel if there is a mechanical
undergravel filter present. They aerate best with gravel over 1/4". They also do well in fish
bowls, but I don't know why. The largest one I have seen was over 2", but it would no longer lay
eggs at this size and eventually died."
Connie sent me these photos of Malaysian trumpet snails on 4/23/06.
Malaysian trumpet snails
Malaysian trumpet snails
Malaysian trumpet snails
In November 2006, I added a parasitic medication to my 20 gallon tank. I did this because my bristlenose plecostomus had worms. It was a drastic step. I knew it could kill my trumpet snails, and it did; it killed them all. Some small ramshorns survived as did the intestinal worms that the plecostomus has. I took a few adults and a few babies from my 5 gallon tank and moved them to my 20 gallon tank a few weeks after so hopefully, I will get a new colony of trumpet snails. Their bodies are all over, mostly large adults. I have been removing a few. I smelled a few, and they passed the "Jeez, that smells worse than anything I've ever smelt" test which indicates they are deceased. I took three photos of a bunch of dead ones I gathered up but they all looked about the same so here is a photo of the dead trumpet snails.
Here is a photo of some of my trumpet snails:
Trumpet snails in my 20 gallon tank
after dark on 10/28/07.
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